Countable and uncountable
1. COUNTABLE NOUN
Countable mudah untuk dikenali. Mereka adalah hal-hal yang kita dapat menghitung. Sebagai contoh: "pen". Kita bisa menghitung pena. Kita bisa memiliki satu, dua, tiga atau lebih pena. Berikut adalah beberapa kata benda lebih dpt dihitung:
Contoh :
• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag
Kata benda Countable dapat tunggal atau jamak:
• My dog is playing.
• My dogs are hungry.
Kita dapat menggunakan sandang tidak tentu sebuah / suatu dengan kata benda dpt dihitung:
• A dog is an animal
Ketika sebuah kata benda dapat dihitung adalah tunggal, kita harus menggunakan kata seperti / yang / saya / ini dengan itu:
• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
Ketika sebuah kata benda dapat dihitung adalah jamak, kita dapat menggunakannya sendiri:
• I like oranges.
• Bottles can break.
Kita dapat menggunakan beberapa dan setiap dengan kata benda dpt dihitung:
• I've got some dollars.
• Have you got any pens?
Kita dapat menggunakan beberapa dan banyak dengan kata benda dpt dihitung:
• I've got a few dollars.
• I haven't got many pens.
2. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
Kata benda tak terhitung adalah zat, konsep dll bahwa kita tidak bisa membagi menjadi elemen-elemen yang terpisah. Kita tidak bisa "count" mereka. Sebagai contoh, kita tidak dapat menghitung "milk ". Kita bisa menghitung "bottles of milk" atau "litres of milk ", tapi kita tidak bisa menghitung "milk" itu sendiri. Berikut adalah beberapa kata benda lebih tak terhitung:
contoh:
• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency
Kami biasanya memperlakukan benda tak terhitung sebagai tunggal. Kami menggunakan kata kerja tunggal. Sebagai contoh:
• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.
Kami tidak biasanya menggunakan kata sandang tidak tentu sebuah / suatu dengan kata benda tak terhitung. Kita tidak bisa mengatakan "informasi" atau "musik". Tapi kita dapat mengatakan sesuatu dari:
• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice
Kita dapat menggunakan beberapa dan setiap dengan kata benda tak terhitung:
• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?
Kita dapat menggunakan sedikit dan banyak dengan nomina terhitung:
• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice
REFERENSI :
Complete English grammar/galang press/gramedia
Introduction to study “grammar”/bagas A.P/gramedia
Kamis, 07 April 2011
Degree Of Comparison
DEGREE OF COMPARISON
Degrees of Comparison merupakan kalimat perbandingan, yang digunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal,benda tempat, orang atau lebih. Dalam bahasa Inggris Tingkat perbandingan dibedakan menjadi 3 tingkat :
1. Tingkat perbandingan Positive
2. Tingkat perbandingan Comparative
3. Tingkat perbandingan Superlative
1. Positive (Tingkat perbandingan yang setingkat)
Be + as + adjective +as
Ex : Toni is fifteen years old. Rudy is also fifteen years
Toni is as old as Rudy
Mr. Hassan’s car is expensive as Mr. Effendi’s car
Mr. Hassan’s car is as expensive as Mr. Effendi’s car
2. Comparative (Tingkat perbandingan lebih)
• Dalam tingkat perbandingan lebih yang dibandingkan satu banding satu dengan menggunakan ciri “ than”
• Bentuk ini dibuat dengan menambah “er” pada akhir bentuk positif.
Ex : This box is 10 kilos. That box is 8 kilos
This box is heavier that that box
Your ruler is 30 cm. My ruler is 50 cm
Your ruler is shorter than my ruler
3. Superlative (Tingkat perbandingan paling)
- Dalam tingkat perbandingan iniyang dibandingkan satu banding banyak dengan ciri “The”
- Bentuk ini dibuat dengan menambahkan “est” pada akhir bentuk positif.
REFERENSI :
Complete English grammar/galang press/gramedia
Introduction to study “grammar”/bagas A.P/gramedia
Degrees of Comparison merupakan kalimat perbandingan, yang digunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal,benda tempat, orang atau lebih. Dalam bahasa Inggris Tingkat perbandingan dibedakan menjadi 3 tingkat :
1. Tingkat perbandingan Positive
2. Tingkat perbandingan Comparative
3. Tingkat perbandingan Superlative
1. Positive (Tingkat perbandingan yang setingkat)
Be + as + adjective +as
Ex : Toni is fifteen years old. Rudy is also fifteen years
Toni is as old as Rudy
Mr. Hassan’s car is expensive as Mr. Effendi’s car
Mr. Hassan’s car is as expensive as Mr. Effendi’s car
2. Comparative (Tingkat perbandingan lebih)
• Dalam tingkat perbandingan lebih yang dibandingkan satu banding satu dengan menggunakan ciri “ than”
• Bentuk ini dibuat dengan menambah “er” pada akhir bentuk positif.
Ex : This box is 10 kilos. That box is 8 kilos
This box is heavier that that box
Your ruler is 30 cm. My ruler is 50 cm
Your ruler is shorter than my ruler
3. Superlative (Tingkat perbandingan paling)
- Dalam tingkat perbandingan iniyang dibandingkan satu banding banyak dengan ciri “The”
- Bentuk ini dibuat dengan menambahkan “est” pada akhir bentuk positif.
REFERENSI :
Complete English grammar/galang press/gramedia
Introduction to study “grammar”/bagas A.P/gramedia
Active Pasive
ACTIVE PASIVE VOICE
Dalam bahasa Inggris Tata Bahasa, participle adalah turunan dari kata kerja yang tidak terbatas, yang dapat digunakan dalam tenses senyawa atau suara, atau sebagai pengubah. Participles sifat berbagi sering dengan bagian lain dari pidato, dalam kata sifat tertentu dan kata benda.
Active and Passive Participle
Active participle ialah verb + ing
Passive participle ialah verb 3, yang dapat digunakan sebagai :
Noun Modifier yang terdiri dari
Active/passive participle sebelum kata benda
Contoh:
• The dancing girl is my sister
• The singing bird is a murai
• (the dancing girl is a girl who is/was dancing)
• The broken car was sold
Active participle/passive participle phrases
Contoh
• The man wearing a cap is my father
• The boy riding the buffalo is my brother
• The man killed in the field is my aunt
Keterangan : The boy riding that buffalo dapat diubah menjadi:
The boy who is/was riding that buffalo atau
• The boy who rode that buffalo
• The man killed the field berarti
The man who is killed in the field
Active participle/participles phrases sebagai clause modifier
Contoh:
• Being old,he has to wear glasses
• Shouting,he kicked the door
• Surrounded by mountains, Bandung has cool climate
Keterangan
• Because he is old,he has to wear glasses
• While he was shouting,he kicked the door
• Because Bandung is surrounded by mountains it has cool climate
Penggunaan active participle
1. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama pada waktu yang bersamaan maka salah satu kalimat tadi dibentuk menjadi active participle
Contoh:
• He rode away.He whistled as he went
He rode away whistling
• The children came.They ran to meet us
The children came running to meet us
2. Bila suatu perbuatan diikuti oleh perbuatan lainnya dan dilakukan olehsubjek yang sama,maka perbuatan yang pertama dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
• He opened the drawer and took out a revolver
• Opening the drawer,he took out a revolver
• Active participle dapat menggantikan as/since/because + subject + verb
Contoh
• Because he was a student, he was naturally interested in museum = Being a student,he was naturally interested in museum
• As he didn’t know the answer,he kept silent = Not knowing the answer, he kept silent
3. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama dan pekerjaan yang satu sudah selesai dikerjakan lalu diikuti oleh pekerjaan lainnya maka pekerjaan yang sudah selesai,dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
• After I had finished my work,I went out= Having finished my work, I went out
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
Active : He meets them everyday.
Passive : They are met by him everyday.
Active : She waters this plant every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
Active : He met them yesterday
Passive : They were met by him yesterday
Active : She watered this plant this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
Active : He has met them
Passive : They have been met by him
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
Active : He had met them before I came.
Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.
Active : She would have watered this plant.
Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.
Active : She is watering this plant now.
Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met by him.
Active : She was watering this plant.
Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.
Active : She has been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He had been meeting them.
Passive : They had been being met by him.
Active : She had been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be being met by him.
Active : She will be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.
Active : She will have been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
REFERENSI :
Complete English grammar/galang press/gramedia
Introduction to study “grammar”/bagas A.P/gramedia
Dalam bahasa Inggris Tata Bahasa, participle adalah turunan dari kata kerja yang tidak terbatas, yang dapat digunakan dalam tenses senyawa atau suara, atau sebagai pengubah. Participles sifat berbagi sering dengan bagian lain dari pidato, dalam kata sifat tertentu dan kata benda.
Active and Passive Participle
Active participle ialah verb + ing
Passive participle ialah verb 3, yang dapat digunakan sebagai :
Noun Modifier yang terdiri dari
Active/passive participle sebelum kata benda
Contoh:
• The dancing girl is my sister
• The singing bird is a murai
• (the dancing girl is a girl who is/was dancing)
• The broken car was sold
Active participle/passive participle phrases
Contoh
• The man wearing a cap is my father
• The boy riding the buffalo is my brother
• The man killed in the field is my aunt
Keterangan : The boy riding that buffalo dapat diubah menjadi:
The boy who is/was riding that buffalo atau
• The boy who rode that buffalo
• The man killed the field berarti
The man who is killed in the field
Active participle/participles phrases sebagai clause modifier
Contoh:
• Being old,he has to wear glasses
• Shouting,he kicked the door
• Surrounded by mountains, Bandung has cool climate
Keterangan
• Because he is old,he has to wear glasses
• While he was shouting,he kicked the door
• Because Bandung is surrounded by mountains it has cool climate
Penggunaan active participle
1. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama pada waktu yang bersamaan maka salah satu kalimat tadi dibentuk menjadi active participle
Contoh:
• He rode away.He whistled as he went
He rode away whistling
• The children came.They ran to meet us
The children came running to meet us
2. Bila suatu perbuatan diikuti oleh perbuatan lainnya dan dilakukan olehsubjek yang sama,maka perbuatan yang pertama dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
• He opened the drawer and took out a revolver
• Opening the drawer,he took out a revolver
• Active participle dapat menggantikan as/since/because + subject + verb
Contoh
• Because he was a student, he was naturally interested in museum = Being a student,he was naturally interested in museum
• As he didn’t know the answer,he kept silent = Not knowing the answer, he kept silent
3. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama dan pekerjaan yang satu sudah selesai dikerjakan lalu diikuti oleh pekerjaan lainnya maka pekerjaan yang sudah selesai,dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
• After I had finished my work,I went out= Having finished my work, I went out
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
Active : He meets them everyday.
Passive : They are met by him everyday.
Active : She waters this plant every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
Active : He met them yesterday
Passive : They were met by him yesterday
Active : She watered this plant this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
Active : He has met them
Passive : They have been met by him
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
Active : He had met them before I came.
Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.
Active : She would have watered this plant.
Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.
Active : She is watering this plant now.
Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met by him.
Active : She was watering this plant.
Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.
Active : She has been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He had been meeting them.
Passive : They had been being met by him.
Active : She had been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be being met by him.
Active : She will be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.
Active : She will have been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
REFERENSI :
Complete English grammar/galang press/gramedia
Introduction to study “grammar”/bagas A.P/gramedia
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